What is freezing and thawing?

As the name suggests, a freezing and thawing cycle refers to a natural phenomenon in which soil freezes in cold weather and then thaws out again once the temperature warms up. Freezing and thawing in northern climates is good news for farmers, as it helps to loosen up the soil and reduce compaction, which makes it easier for crop roots to grow. However, for construction engineers and contractors, this process can prove to be incredibly problematic, especially if they are building on fine-grained soils with silt or clay factions, which are more prone to freezing and thawing.

What are the problems associated with freezing and thawing?

Essentially, freezing and thawing cycles accelerate soil instability. Soil with pores containing small particles of frozen water is known as permafrost. Building on permafrost is fine, as long as the soil stays frozen, but things become problematic once the permafrost begins to thaw. Freezing and thawing of permafrost cause soil to become soft and less compact. Subsequently, this causes structures, such as roadways, railways, foundations, and pipeline supports, to sink. Obviously, this can cause major headaches.

How can the problem of freezing and thawing be mitigated?

Alchatek soil stabilization products can be used to compact the ground and displace water particles in the soil pores. Depending on the soil type, this could prevent frost heave, resulting in a stronger, more consistent base to build on.

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Many types of infrastructure, including roads, bridges, and buildings, depend on compacted soil in order to stay in place. Therefore, in order for these structures to last, a specific degree of compaction must be achieved. When soil does not adequately compact, the problem is known as poor compaction, and that can lead to more serious issues. Concrete repair contractors always need to be on the lookout for signs of poor compaction which include settling slabs, cracking foundations, and dips in roadways and railroads.

What causes poor soil compaction?

There are a variety of causes of poor soil compaction. However, much of it boils down to soil texture and soil properties. Some soils are more prone to compaction than others. Excess soil salt content, high clay fraction soils, low pH soils, and soils with high water content tend to compact less favorably. It should also be noted that decisions made by construction contractors and their teams can also influence soil compaction. For example, failure to select proper compaction equipment or compaction materials can contribute to poor compaction. Furthermore, some areas are more prone to poor compaction than others, such as portions of soil set against a foundation.

How can poor soil compaction be corrected?

Luckily, poor compaction can be corrected. The solution is to strengthen the soil until it is properly compacted. As mentioned in the previous post, voids can be filled, soil consolidated, and water migration halted with Alchatek soil stabilization products. Once the bearing capacity of the soil has been increased with this process, then the structure can be lifted if necessary.

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What is erosion?

In geological terms, erosion can be defined as an exogenic process that moves a portion of the earth’s crust from one location to another. This includes a range of different processes, including water flow, wind, and even human action, that move dirt, soil, rock, etc. They are called exogenic processes because they originate outside of the earth’s crust, or externally. In more practical terms, erosion can best be described as the way in which the earth is worn away by water, wind, or ice. So when a river carves a canyon out of stone (such as when the Colorado River carved out the Grand Canyon in Arizona over the course of so many years), that is an example of erosion. The formation of sand dunes by the wind moving across the desert is also an example of erosion, as are changes in rocks along a shoreline due to the constant thrashing of waves. 

Why does erosion cause unstable soil?

You’ve probably heard that erosion is dangerous because it causes unstable soil. It is important to remember that the consequences of erosion can potentially be dramatic, causing landslides and structural damage. After investing money in the construction of a building, the last thing you want is for unstable soil to put the whole project at risk. 

How can erosion be repaired?

Voids can be filled, soil consolidated, and water migration halted with Alchatek soil stabilization products. Once the bearing capacity of the soil has been increased with this process, then the structure can be lifted if necessary.

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Unstable soil can be defined as soil that will not stay in place on its own and therefore requires extra support. It should be noted that unstable soil can threaten the stability, security, and safety of infrastructure and can damage, degrade, and even destroy a number of structures, such as buildings, bridges, and roads.

Let's look at the four main causes of unstable soil...

Erosion

Erosion refers to processes in which external elements (wind, water, etc.) remove soil or rock from a certain location and transport it to another location. There are a variety of different erosion types, including river and gull erosion, wind erosion, and erosion attributed to human activity. Erosion ultimately destabilizes soil and can lead to landslides and sinkholes.

Poor Compaction

One of the most common causes of unstable soil is poor compaction. In some cases, certain types of soil are simply very loose and subsequently not compact. The cause of this is typically an imbalance of mineral pieces, organic matter, air, and water. For example, clay soil with very high moisture content will inevitably become unstable, as it will be incredibly difficult to compact. Similarly, soils with high sand content will be difficult to compact.

Freeze/Thaw

Processes of freezing and thawing essentially accelerate erosion processes. Cold weather freezes moisture trapped in tiny cracks. When this water freezes, it expands, subsequently pushing on the rocks and breaking them into smaller pieces. As processes of freezing and thawing continue, rock and sediment are continually broken down.

Decomposition

When soils contain a high concentration of organic materials, such as topsoil and plant matter, they will decompose, subsequently causing them to become unstable. This is because organic materials rapidly change form and mass as they decompose in the soil. In fact, up to 90 percent of organic material will disappear over the course of the decomposition process.

Fortunately, stability can be restored to soil with ultra-low viscosity polyurethane resins. Foaming and permeation polyurethanes can mitigate the damage done by processes of erosion, decomposition, freezing, and thawing, as well as help to rectify compaction problems. When it comes to unstable soil, you can’t afford to take a risk. Stable soil is crucial to maintaining secure structures.

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An Oakwood, Georgia corrugated metal pipe rehab job, involving the replacement of the end caps, resulted in soil migration through the new joints. This in turn led to depressions in the asphalt road above. The City of Oakwood public works department called in Atlanta-based geotech specialists LiftitRite to assess and repair the pipe and the soil.

Powerful Polymer

Alchatek's AP Fill 700 was an easy choice for this project. AP Fill 700 is a single-component, water-activated, hydrophobic polyurethane resin that is highly effective in cutting off high-flow underground leaks, filling voids, and stabilizing soil. It is also NSF/ANSI/CAN 61 approved for contact with drinking water.

Painless Procedure

The technicians began by stuffing the larger joints with resin-soaked Oakum to create an impermeable gasket. Then, injection ports were installed adjacent to the joint in a clock pattern. The crew injected AP Fill 700 until the joints were fully sealed and permeation of the surrounding soils was achieved.

Wanting to ensure a “belt and suspenders” repair was done, they opted to inject AP Fill 700 through the top of the road as well via injection probes. The probes were driven down to depths coinciding with the tops and sides of the culvert pipes. These injections ensured that all voids and shifted soils caused by the pipe infiltration were filled, permeated, and stabilized - thus preventing any future road depressions or dropouts.

Rapid Result

City of Oakwood officials were extremely pleased to see this issue remedied in just 2 days via an effective and affordable solution that involved minimal traffic disruption and zero excavation. 

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As a geotechnical engineer, you understand the importance of stable supporting soil around structures. When the supporting soil becomes unstable, the stability of the structure is at risk. Common causes of unstable soil include erosion, poor compaction, freeze/thaw cycles, and decomposition of organic materials within the soil. Fortunately, soil can be stabilized with high-strength polyurethane. Whether you need a product recommendation for soil stabilization specs, or you're seeking accredited continuing education on this subject, Alchatek has you covered.

Product Recommendations for Soil Stabilization Specs

Experienced members of the Alchatek technical support team consult with engineers on a regular basis. When you call for assistance, you'll be connected to someone with extensive product knowledge and years of on-the-job experience out in the field. If you need a product recommendation for polyurethane soil stabilization specifications, call 404-618-0438 and ask for a geotechnical expert. 

Accredited Presentations

Alchatek offers one-hour CE/PDH accredited presentations on a variety of subjects, including geotechnical applications for polyurethane. These presentations are available online via videoconferencing or in person in a lunch-and-learn context. Geotechnical presentations are always given by an experienced expert who can field pretty much any question your team may have on the subject.

Click the button below and fill out the form to request an accredited presentation.

Alchatek offers a series of short educational videos covering a variety of polyurethane concrete repair applications. Each video is described below, followed by a viewing link.

Slab Lifting with Polyurethane Foam

This live-action video depicts a typical residential driveway slab lifting job, including a simple overview of the causes of settled slabs, the alternatives to polyurethane slab lifting, and the polyurethane slab lifting process itself. The slab lifting sequence features added 3D animation to show the foam expansion process underground during the slab lifting process. Click here to watch the video.

The Polyurethane Slab Lift Process Explained

This animated video explains the polyurethane slab lift process in detail, primarily in the context of commercial/industrial applications. Sunken concrete slabs can be lifted back into place with two-component polymer foam designed to work in wet or dry conditions. The expansion force of the concrete leveling foam coupled with the pressure of a specialized pump generate enough controlled force to lift virtually any structure back into position with 1/8” precision.  Click here to watch the video.

The Polyurethane Soil Stabilization Process Explained

This animated video explains the most common infrastructure and concrete issues requiring polyurethane soil stabilization, as well as the application process itself. Unstable, eroded, or loose soil around infrastructure can result in settlement and damage to the structure. Voids can be filled, soil consolidated, and water migration halted by permeating the soil with one of the AP Soil series of polyurethane resins. Click here to watch the video.

The Deep Lock® Process Explained

This animated video explains deep soil stabilization in great detail. Alchatek offers a unique combination of high-quality structural polymers along with the equipment and training needed to address deep soil issues. Contractors trained in The Deep Lock® process can stabilize soil at all levels and accomplish this with minimal imposition to or downtime for the property owner. Click here to watch the video.

The Polyurethane Leak Seal Process Explained

This animated video explains the most common infrastructure and concrete issues requiring polyurethane leak seal solutions, as well as the various application processes. Leaking concrete can be detrimental to safety and property values. Leaks in concrete structures can be permanently repaired with water-activated polyurethane and a few assorted leak seal accessories. Click here to watch the video.

Alchatek - A Supplier You Can Trust

This video provides a quick overview of Alchatek, an international leader in the manufacture and supply of chemical grouts and construction products for Geotechnical, Leak Seal, and Seawall Repair applications. Providing solutions from its headquarters in Tucker, Georgia, and its manufacturing facility in Reno, Nevada, Alchatek specializes in advanced construction technologies for sealing leaks, stabilizing soils, lifting concrete, and protecting infrastructure and seawall structures. Click here to watch the video.

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Deep Lock® Overview

Solid soil is crucial for the long-term stability of concrete structures. Unfortunately, erosion often puts this stability at risk. When erosion occurs just underneath the structure, standard polyurethane soil stabilization methods are often the perfect solution.

Sometimes, however, erosion occurs deep within the soil. Alchatek's Deep Lock® polyurethane soil stabilization process is a unique and powerful solution for deep soil instability issues. This process involves the deep injection of high-quality structural polymers to address the problem with minimal heavy equipment and downtime. The Deep Lock® process addresses the root cause of deep soil problems. 

Deep Lock® Products

AP Deep Lift 420

AP Lift 430

AP Lift 440

AP Lift 475

Deep Look GPR

Dynamic Cone Penetrometer

Alchatek's industry-leading technical support team is thoroughly versed in the art and science of stabilizing soil. Call us today at 404-618-0438 for assistance with your next deep soil stabilization project.

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Alchatek offers world-class custom-built pump systems for both slab lifting and soil stabilization applications. If you're looking for a full-sized trailer rig system, click here to read more on that subject. In this blog post, we'll take a look at two propriety systems designed by the professionals at Alchatek. 

The PolyBadger: Compact Lifting System on Wheels

The wheel-mounted PolyBadger two-component pump system is an extremely valuable addition to any slab lifter's arsenal. It is perfect for new contractors looking to make an initial investment and for experienced contractors looking to add a portable option for those hard-to-reach locations. Small enough to fit in the back of a pickup truck, this simple system requires minimal equipment.

• Lower Initial Investment
• Less Equipment Needed
• Easily Fitted to a Truck, Trailer, or Cart

The PolyShark: Skid-Mounted Soil Stabilization System

The skid-mounted PolyShark single-component pump system is essential for large-scale soil stabilization and void-fill projects. The PolyShark system includes a gas-powered high-pressure injection pump, two hose reels, and flow meters. The entire skid-mounted system can easily be fitted to a flatbed truck for efficient transport.

• Ideal for Large-Scale Jobs
• Complete System (Pump, Hose Reels, Flow Meters)
• Easily Fitted to Flatbed Truck

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Unstable soil can be a real nightmare. Existing structures, new construction projects, and excavation projects alike require strong supporting soil. Rain, freeze-thaw cycles, erosion, poor compaction, and excessive water saturation all pose a threat. The planet consists of 70% water and 30% land. Unstable soil is everywhere.

Contractors use Alchemy-Spetec structural polymers to strengthen soil supporting existing structures, provide a firm foundation for new construction, and prevent soil collapse during excavation projects. When cured, these polymers are stronger than crystalline bedrock. Alchemy-Spetec structural polymers are environmentally safe and certified to NSF/ANSI/CAN 61 standards for contact with drinking water.

Soil Stabilization Products

AP Soil 600

AP Fill 700

AP Fill 720

AP SoilGel 200

AP Microfine 10

Every member of Alchemy-Spetec's industry-leading technical support team is thoroughly versed in the art and science of stabilizing soil with polyurethane. Contact us today at 404-618-0438 for assistance on your next soil stabilization project.

Want more information on stabilizing soil with polyurethane?