All cracks that aren’t actively leaking at the time you are sealing them need to be flushed out with water. Flushing them gives you several advantages:

1. Lets you know whether your drill holes have intersected the crack.
2. Flushes dirt and debris out the surface of the crack so your resin has a cleaner internal surface to bond to.
3. Reveals how far you can expect the resin to travel so you know if your drilled holes are close enough together.
4. The water will help open up tight cracks that the thicker resin may not otherwise have been able to penetrate.
5. Ensures that the resin has sufficient moisture to react with.

Start at the lowest point in the crack and flush clean water through your injection ports. It is best to have at least two pumps onsite. One for pumping water and one for pumping resin. Use the same type of high-pressure pump that you use for resin. You can use a smaller pump if you like, as long as it is capable of generating between 2,800 and 3,500 p.s.i.

BE CAREFUL when flushing tight cracks! The low viscosity of water coupled with the high pressure of the pump can shear the concrete. The water can push into tight cracks and capillaries and all at once split your concrete. You can also shear concrete with resin, but it is more likely to happen with water because you are testing your crack and trying to open it up.

Always start every port with the lowest pump pressure and slowly turn it up as necessary. Also, slowly crack the valve open when you are first injecting water or resin. This is a critical moment in the process. If you forget to turn the pump pressure down after each port, you risk blasting high pressure into the port all at once which can result in shearing of the concrete or blowing out the port.

Keep injecting water as long as it is flowing through the port and moving further and further along the crack. Monitor the water coming out of the crack. Notice if it is clean or cloudy. Keep injecting until it comes out clean.

If the project is big enough, you can have one technician injecting water and another injecting resin right behind. Personally, I like to do both steps myself. That way I know what to expect when injecting the resin. In any case, keep the water pump nearby. Many times you will have to pop another hole in the wall here and there to completely seal the crack with resin.

5 Steps of Crack Injection - Overview
5 Steps of Crack Injection - 1. Drilling Holes
5 Steps of Crack Injection – 1. Drilling Holes (Continued)
5 Steps of Crack Injection – 2. Flushing Holes
5 Steps of Crack Injection – 3. Installing Ports
5 Steps of Crack Injection – 4. Flushing Cracks
5 Steps of Crack Injection – 5. Injecting Resin

Want in-depth info on crack injection procedures and products?

The field of geotechnical engineering is one filled with both uncertainties and innovations. At the intersection of theory and practice, polyurethane grouts have showcased their prowess in not only addressing challenges but also in revolutionizing soil stabilization techniques. Today, let's explore three real-world scenarios where polyurethane grouts stood as the unsung heroes.

1st Case Study - Protecting a Building Foundation Next to an Excavation Site

In the sunny locale of Juno Beach, Florida, at the Loggerhead Marinelife Center, a new sea turtle habitat was in the works. But, as excavations commenced, the general contracting company faced a critical challenge. The foundation of an adjacent building stood precariously close, vulnerable to destabilization.

Scenario: A solution was essential not just for the safety of the building but for the integrity of the marine habitat.

Action: Recognizing the need for a specialized approach, a soil stabilization contractor was deployed. They erected a polyurethane grout wall using AP Soil 600, a top-tier product known for permeation grouting. The emphasis on environmentally safe repair materials was of paramount importance given the marine context. Using a staggered pattern for injection rods ensured the soil was permeated consistently with the grout, stabilizing the ground.

Outcome: A total of 500 gallons of grout was injected, forming a robust grout wall. Completed in a mere two days, the resin cured within 24 hours. By the next working day, excavations resumed without the looming fear of undermining the neighboring foundation.

2nd Case Study - Deep Soil Stabilization at a Shopping Center

City Creek Center, a plush shopping mall in downtown Salt Lake City, offers more than just a shopping experience. Beneath its gleaming facade, it bore the scars of a decade-old construction challenge.

Scenario: A sidewalk, built over a five-foot-wide trench filled with pea gravel, started to show signs of strain when the gravel began to settle. This created havoc with the underground power lines, affecting local businesses.

Action: Engineers, tapping into the potential of polyurethane grouts, envisioned a deep stabilization approach. AP Fill 700 was chosen for its dual ability to permeate soil and fill voids, ensuring both strength and stability. With a meticulously charted injection plan, the geotechnical team started their descent into the ground.

Outcome: Using a methodical approach, the crew injected the grout at depths of up to 30 feet, successfully stabilizing the trench. The swift two-day operation allowed for the general contractor to proceed with their repairs, restoring normalcy to the mall.

3rd Case Study - Stabilizing Soil at a Busy Intersection

At a bustling intersection in Orange County, Florida, traffic was threatened by a lurking danger below. A depression, caused by an improperly sealed underground sewer line, undermined the road's integrity.

Scenario: Water infiltration and soil erosion compounded the problem, creating voids that could lead to a catastrophic collapse.

Action: Instead of opting for a traditional, disruptive repair approach, the Orange County officials sought out Alchatek’s expertise in chemical grouting. AP Fill 700, with its versatility, was employed for both permeation and void filling. With a grid-based injection plan, pipes were driven deep into the affected zone, simultaneously sealing off leaks and stabilizing the soil.

Outcome: Two focused interventions on subsequent Saturdays ensured that the major intersection faced minimal disruption. The voids were addressed, the soil stabilized, and the potential for a disastrous cave-in was averted. A testament to the power and efficiency of polyurethane grouts.

Polyurethane grouts, with their unique properties and versatile applications, are reshaping the geotechnical landscape. These case studies not only underline their effectiveness but also highlight their role in sustainable, efficient, and less invasive solutions.

For more information on soil stabilization with polyurethane...

In the complex field of geotechnical engineering, understanding the behavior of the ground is a challenging but essential task. One effective tool for soil stabilization and ground treatment is the use of polyurethane grouts. This article discusses how polyurethane grouts have become a valuable tool for enhancing soil predictability and addressing various geotechnical challenges.

What is Polyurethane Grout?

Before exploring its applications, it's helpful to understand what polyurethane grout is:

• Composition: Polyurethane grouts are man-made polymers that react with moisture when injected into soil, expanding and hardening into a stable, water-resistant mass.
• Versatility: Different formulations of these grouts are available, making them adaptable to various soil conditions and stabilization needs. Both hydrophobic and hydrophilic versions exist, providing further flexibility.

Soil Stabilization

One of the main uses of polyurethane grouts is to improve the stability of soil:

1. Filling Voids: Voids in the ground can lead to structural instability. Polyurethane grouts expand to fill these gaps, aiding in maintaining ground stability.
2. Compaction Grouting: In areas with loose soils, these grouts can be applied for compaction, resulting in a more stable ground and reducing the likelihood of future settlement.
3. Improving Cohesion in Sandy Soils: Polyurethane grout is especially effective in sandy terrains, which often lack natural cohesion. The grout helps bind the soil particles together, reducing the risk of shifting.

Water Management and Sealing

Besides stabilization, polyurethane grouts are also useful for water management:

1. Water Cut-offs: Unplanned water ingress at construction sites can be a concern. These grouts create a water-resistant barrier, effectively cutting off unwanted water pathways.
2. Sealing Leaks: These grouts are valuable for sealing leaks in underground structures like tunnels and basements, ensuring the structures remain watertight.
3. Preventing Soil Liquefaction: By reducing soil permeability, polyurethane grouts can lower the risk of soil liquefaction, which is particularly relevant in seismic zones.

Environmental Considerations

Polyurethane grouts offer some environmental advantages:

1. Reduced Excavation: Traditional stabilization methods often involve extensive digging, which can affect the local ecosystem. Grouting requires less excavation, reducing the environmental impact.
2. Aquifer Protection: Contaminating groundwater is a serious concern. Polyurethane grouts can assist by sealing off potential sources of contamination.
3. Site Reclamation: Contaminated or disturbed sites can be rehabilitated more effectively due to the barrier properties of these grouts.

Interactions with Various Soil Types

The performance of polyurethane grouts can vary depending on soil conditions:

1. Clayey Soils: These grouts can modify the properties of clay soils, making them less susceptible to water absorption and subsequent expansion.
2. Silty Terrains: In silty conditions, the grouts help in binding the fine soil particles, thus improving overall stability.
3. Rocky Formations: In rocky terrains, polyurethane grouts can act as sealants for fissures or cracks, enhancing structural safety.

Expanding Applications

The utility of polyurethane grouts extends beyond conventional uses:

1. Heritage Preservation: Historical structures can benefit from soil stabilization techniques that employ these grouts.
2. Agricultural Use: These grouts can be beneficial for improving soil stability and water retention in agricultural settings.
3. Innovative Construction: Whether it's constructing in challenging terrains or developing underground spaces, polyurethane grouts offer several possibilities.

Polyurethane grouts have become a dependable tool in the realm of geotechnical engineering. With their adaptability and effectiveness, they play a positive role in soil stabilization and ground treatment. As construction projects continue to evolve, these grouts will likely be increasingly useful in ensuring the stability and security of our built environment.

For more information on soil stabilization with polyurethane...

Every structure, from the smallest building to the grandest bridge, rests upon a complex substrate known as soil. However, the interplay of factors affecting soil behavior has made it a tricky entity to predict. This unpredictability poses significant challenges to engineers, architects, and environmentalists. The current discourse seeks to uncover the intricacies behind the daunting task of soil behavior forecasting, shedding light on the myriad of influences and their profound implications.

Complex Nature of Soil Composition

At the outset, the heterogeneous nature of soil presents the first forecasting challenge:

1. Variability: Even within a small plot of land, the soil's composition can vary dramatically. This spatial variability, from one location to another, means that predicting soil behavior isn't a one-size-fits-all process.
2. Temporal Changes: Soil isn't static. Over time, its properties can change due to biological activity, seasonal effects, or human interventions. Such dynamic alterations further complicate prediction efforts.

Moisture Content Variations

Water, as an integral component of soil, wields significant influence:

1. Influence on Soil Strength: Moisture content directly impacts soil's shear strength. For instance, some soils may lose strength with increased moisture, posing risks to structures.
2. Fluctuations Due to Climate: Seasonal variations, rainfall events, and droughts can dramatically alter soil's moisture content. In areas prone to heavy rains or flooding, soil liquefaction becomes a critical concern.
3. Human Activities: Agricultural practices, drainage systems, and construction can either deprive or inundate soils with water, affecting their mechanical properties.

External Pressures and Loads

The forces exerted on the soil play a pivotal role:

1. Static Loads: Structures exert constant pressures on the soil. Predicting how soil will behave under these continuous loads, especially in the long term, is essential for structural safety.
2. Dynamic Loads: These are non-constant, changing forces such as vehicular traffic, machinery vibrations, or even seismic activities. Soils' response to dynamic loads, particularly in terms of resilience and damping, poses a forecasting challenge.
3. Ground Movement: Geological activities, such as tectonic plate movements, can result in ground displacement, impacting the soil's structure and behavior.

Chemical Interactions

Beyond the physical, the chemical realm of soil is rife with complexities:

1. Soil Contamination: Industrial activities, waste disposal, and chemical spills can introduce contaminants. These chemicals may alter the soil's physical properties, making prediction efforts more complex.
2. Salinity and Alkalinity: In areas with high salinity or alkalinity, soil behavior becomes erratic due to chemical interactions between salts, minerals, and organic matter.
3. Biochemical Processes: The decomposition of organic matter, microbial activities, and root penetration can change the soil's chemical makeup, influencing its overall behavior.

Impact of Vegetation and Root Systems

Plants and their root systems offer both stabilization and complications:

1. Root-Soil Interactions: While roots can bind soil particles, offering stability against erosion, their growth can also create voids and channels, affecting soil density and compaction.
2. Uptake of Water: Plants continuously draw water from the soil, altering its moisture content. In large, vegetated areas, this can significantly influence soil behavior.
3. Decomposition: As plants die and decompose, they alter the soil's organic content, impacting its physical and chemical properties.

Temporal and Historical Factors

The history of the soil plays a silent, yet crucial role:

1. Previous Stress and Strain History: Soils "remember" the loads they've experienced. This memory can affect their future behavior, especially when subjected to similar stresses.
2. Aging: Over time, soil particles undergo changes due to continuous environmental interactions, impacting their strength and behavior.
3. Previous Human Interventions: Activities like excavation, filling, compaction, or tunneling can leave lasting impacts on soil behavior.

The unpredictable nature of the soil, stemming from its multifaceted influences, makes forecasting its behavior a monumental task. However, recognizing and understanding these challenges is the first step toward effective prediction.

For information on soil stabilization with polyurethane...

Soil, in its seemingly simplistic form, conceals a vast universe of complexity beneath its surface. As the very bedrock upon which humanity has built civilizations, its importance cannot be understated. This foundation of every structure holds secrets, each granule and layer telling tales of time, pressure, and the ever-evolving processes of Earth.

The Components of Soil

To begin, one must recognize the ingredients that constitute soil. Soil is not just "dirt." It is a harmonious blend of minerals, organic matter, water, and air. Each component plays a pivotal role in determining the soil's overall behavior.

• Minerals: These primary solid components, derived from weathered rocks, give soil its texture. Depending on the relative proportions of sand, silt, and clay, soils are classified into various types like sandy, silty, or clayey.
• Organic Matter: Comprising decomposed plants, animals, and microbial entities, organic matter enriches the soil, enhancing its fertility and water retention capacity.
• Water: Present in the spaces between soil particles, water plays a significant role in the soil's compaction, strength, and ability to support structures.
• Air: Just as essential as water, the air in the soil provides the necessary oxygen to plant roots and soil organisms, influencing the soil's overall health.

The Physical Properties of Soil

Once acquainted with the components, a deeper dive into the physical properties of soil is warranted:

1. Texture: As mentioned, texture stems from the relative percentages of sand, silt, and clay in the soil. This property affects aeration, drainage, and the soil's ability to retain moisture.
2. Structure: This refers to how soil particles bond and aggregate together. Granular, platy, blocky, and columnar are some structural forms. A soil's structure can influence root penetration, water movement, and aeration.
3. Porosity: Alluding to the spaces between soil particles, porosity dictates how quickly soil can absorb water and how much it can retain.
4. Density: Soil density impacts its ability to support structures. Two types are noteworthy: bulk density (the mass of dry soil per unit volume, including air space) and particle density (the mass of particles per unit volume).
5. Color: While seemingly aesthetic, soil color can indicate its composition and fertility. Darker soils, for instance, tend to be more organic-rich.

Mechanical Behavior and Soil Strength

The mechanical behavior of soil is of prime importance to geotechnical engineers. A soil's response to stress, its ability to compact or shear, and its overall strength, govern the stability of structures built upon it.

• Shear Strength: This is a measure of soil's ability to resist shearing forces. It is influenced by factors like cohesion (internal molecular attraction) and friction between soil particles.
• Consistency: Referring to a soil's firmness or plasticity, it's an indicator of its water content. Terms like hard, firm, plastic, or liquid are used to describe the soil's consistency.
• Compressibility and Consolidation: Under external pressures, soils tend to compress. Compressibility is a measure of this behavior. Over time, water is expelled from the soil, leading to consolidation and further settlement.

Chemical and Biological Properties

Beyond the physical and mechanical aspects, soils are bustling ecosystems. The chemical interactions within soil dictate nutrient availability, pH levels, and more. Microorganisms, fungi, and various fauna contribute to organic matter decomposition, soil aeration, and nutrient cycling.

• pH Levels: Soils can be acidic, neutral, or alkaline. The pH level influences the solubility of nutrients and affects microbial activity.
• Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC): An indicator of soil fertility, CEC measures the soil's ability to retain and exchange positively charged ions (cations).
• Microbial Activity: Soil teems with life. Bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms play essential roles in breaking down organic matter, fixing nitrogen, and maintaining soil health.

Soil, often taken for granted, is a marvel of nature. Its complexities underpin the very structures humanity erects, the food that is cultivated, and the ecosystems that thrive. By understanding its behavior and properties, we don't just become better builders or farmers, but more informed stewards of the land. As the foundation of life, understanding soil becomes not just a scientific endeavor but a necessary step in ensuring a sustainable future.

For information on soil stabilization with polyurethane...

Installing high-pressure injection ports is pretty straightforward, so I won’t spend too much time on this topic. Just a few quick tips.

1. Hammer In Ports. Place the port in a clean 3/8” diameter hole and hammer it in. The high-quality materials our ports are made of will take a pounding. But you don’t have to hammer them in too hard. With a little practice, you will begin to notice the sound changes slightly when the port is seated. Use an electric screwdriver or drill with a 5/16” socket to seat the zerk fitting into the port. Also, make sure you have a “T” handle socket for use in areas where water is pouring down on your head (so you don’t short out your electric screwdriver or drill).

You may notice that the bag of ports is wet on the inside when you get them. The water helps the ports stay resistant to cracking.

The downside to Hammer In Ports is that they only contact the concrete in a very small area and make a seal (due to the tapered nature of the port). In good quality concrete, this seal will hold back several thousand p.s.i. However, if the concrete is weak or the drilled hole is out of round, you can have a problem. In which case you want to use a Mechanical Port.

2. Mechanical Ports have dropped in price dramatically over the years due to inexpensive labor and cheaper materials from overseas. There is now little price difference between the Hammer In Ports and the Mechanical Ports compared to what there used to be. I have a personal affinity for Mechanical Ports because I used to make them in my father’s shop back in the early 1980s. They have a much larger surface area to create a seal and will hold more pressure than the concrete can take.

Make sure you seat the rubber all the way inside the hole. If it is partially outside of the hole, it can cause the surface of the hole to spall, chip, and crack. Setting it in at least ¼” past the surface of the hole will give you a great seal and reduce the chance of cracking the concrete unnecessarily.

Snug the ports down, but don’t over-tighten. It is easier than you think to crack the concrete by over-tightening (especially if you have drilled close to the crack or at a very steep angle).

Now that you have the ports installed, you are ready to clean out the crack by flushing water through the ports. I’ll discuss that in the next section.

5 Steps of Crack Injection - Overview
5 Steps of Crack Injection - 1. Drilling Holes
5 Steps of Crack Injection – 1. Drilling Holes (Continued)
5 Steps of Crack Injection – 2. Flushing Holes
5 Steps of Crack Injection – 3. Installing Ports
5 Steps of Crack Injection – 4. Flushing Cracks
5 Steps of Crack Injection – 5. Injecting Resin

Want in-depth info on crack injection procedures and products?

Alchatek's AP Surface Guard 125 is a water-based barrier product specifically used for protecting concrete from polyurethane resin stains. AP Surface Guard 125 may also be used to purge mixed resin from the MixMaster gun block only. Do not use to purge hoses as it is a water-based product and will react with isocyanate (part A).

Applications

• Preventing foam from staining/bonding to concrete and other surfaces.
• Flushing polymers from the MixMaster impingement gun.

Advantages

• Environmentally safe.
• Biodegradable.
• Zero toxicity.

Packaging: 5 Gallon Pails
Item #: 125M005

Want more information about Alchatek products?

Unstable soils present significant challenges in civil engineering projects. Whether caused by erosion, improper compaction, freeze-thaw action, or decay of buried organic matter, loose and shifting soils undermine structural integrity. Together, these mechanisms prevent soil from remaining firmly in place. This necessitates methods to stabilize and strengthen the matrix. Geotechnical engineers must find solutions to reinforce the substrate and restore load-bearing capacity.

Polymer injection grouting offers an innovative approach, transforming loose soil into a strong, consolidated mass. These polymeric resins permeate porous soils and compact denser soils, then expand and cure in place. The resulting soil-polymer matrix has high compressive strength, stopping subsidence, erosion, and migration of fines. Alchatek's standard soil stabilization products and deep soil stabilization products provide specification-grade stabilization.

Polymer Foam Stabilization Mechanisms

• Permeation of loose sediments, gluing them into a firm matrix
• Displacement of water from eroded zones, reversing further erosion
• Filling of void spaces from decayed organics or poor compaction
• Adhesion to soil particles creates a strong substrate

Additionally, these foams are NSF/ANSI/CAN 61 certified for contact with potable water supplies. This enables environmentally safe use.

Performance Characteristics

Polymeric foams provide exceptional soil stabilization and foundational reinforcement. Key advantages include:

• Ability to permeate and treat loose or unstable soils in situ without excavation
• Ability to compact dense soils such as clay
• High compressive and shear strength, restoring structural load capacity
• Permanent stabilization without ongoing maintenance requirements
• Mitigation of subsidence or erosion with bonded soil matrix

When applied correctly, polymeric foams offer lasting soil stabilization and ground improvement. Alchatek case studies document successful performance for applications including commercial, industrial, new construction, and other geotechnical engineering projects.

Additional Guidance for Geotechnical Engineers

Specify these advanced soil grouting products to permanently resolve instability issues. They deliver rapid installation, minimal invasive work, and results that last. Let us provide guidance on product selection, specs, and installation techniques for your next soil stabilization project. Polymer grouting is an innovative, low-impact way to reinforce unstable ground.

For more information on geotechnical repair products...

Here it is. My favorite topic. Why? Because it is my pet peeve. It separates the technicians who care from those who are only going through the motions. Quite frankly, it can be the difference between a successful outcome and dismal failure - or at the very least an expensive callback.

When you drill holes you create concrete dust. The hammer drill bit literally chews up the concrete. Most of it comes out of the hole and falls on the floor. However, a lot of dust is left behind inside the hole. If it is not properly flushed out then it will mix with your polyurethane injection resin and make a thick paste. This thick paste can be forced into the crack and prevent the clean resin from reaching deep into the crack where it is needed. Most of the time you won’t even realize you have a problem. But there it is nonetheless. Waiting for the right conditions to allow water to seep back through the crack you thought you fixed.

How do you avoid this? Simple - flush the hole out from the back using a very cheap flexible hose that attaches to your flush pump (you did bring a separate flush pump didn’t you?). Start at the highest hole and work your way down until clean water is flowing out of each hole.

Spraying water on the face of the holes may make it look clean, but it is not effective. There is still dust deep in the hole. Filling a water bottle up and squeezing it so that water shoots part way up the hole is not good enough. You have to have the water exit your hose at the back of the hole. This is the only way.

Are there exceptions? Of course, there are. If you pull the drill bit out of the hole and water gushes out behind it in a steady stream you can skip this step. Otherwise, make sure you bring a flush hose with you. It has to be small enough to fit inside your drill hole. We make it easy for you. We make one and sell it for cheap (so don’t blame us if you get to your job site and don’t have one).

This is so basic it is silly. However, I have seen experienced technicians do the water bottle trick and try to explain that it is sufficient. I’m happy to report that those guys are working for your competitors now. Just make sure your guys don’t get lulled into laziness and skip what just might be the most important of these five basic steps:

1. Drill the hole
2. Flush the hole
3. Install the ports
4. Flush the crack
5. Inject the resin

Next up, we install the ports!

5 Steps of Crack Injection - Overview
5 Steps of Crack Injection - 1. Drilling Holes
5 Steps of Crack Injection – 1. Drilling Holes (Continued)
5 Steps of Crack Injection – 2. Flushing Holes
5 Steps of Crack Injection – 3. Installing Ports
5 Steps of Crack Injection – 4. Flushing Cracks
5 Steps of Crack Injection – 5. Injecting Resin

Want in-depth info on crack injection procedures and products?

Reducing infiltration is paramount for healthy storm and wastewater collection systems. Management teams should consider cost-effective, eco-friendly, easy-to-use products. Ideal products simplify repairs through quick mobilization and installation while being effective and long-lasting. 

Now available in cartridges, Spetec PUR GT380 is a one-component, low-viscosity, flexible hydrophilic polyurethane gel injection resin for shutting off leaks in structures where movement may occur.

Features & Benefits

• Easy to Use: No Pump or Hoses Required
• Transporation-Friendly: Requires Minimal Space
• Flexible Formula: Designed for Dynamic Joints and Pipe Penetrations
• Made to Last: Designed a Harsh Sewer Environments
• Can Cure to Foam or Gel Based on Water Content
• Solvent-Free and Non-Corrosive
• May Be Used in Underwater Applications
• Can Accept Up To 10x Its Volume in Water
• Can Be Used with Oakum for Wider Cracks and Joints

Packaging: 10.5 oz Cartridges - Case of 12
Item #: GT380-Inectr

Spetec PUR GT380 is highly chemically resistant and is designed for sealing active water leaks in joints in concrete structures that are exposed to harsh environments, like those found in sewer collection systems. Depending on the ratio of grout to water, Spetec PUR GT380 can form a flexible foam or a gel. 

Want more information on polyurethane leak seal products and equipment?